境外旅游的跨文化适应障碍及对策-以中国游客赴美旅游为例_英语论文

On Barriers and Countermeasures of Cross-cultural Adaptation in Overseas Traveling——Taking Chinese Travelers in America as an Example 

摘要

跨文化适应问题是近年来跨文化研究领域的热点问题。旅游实际上也是一种典型的跨文化适应的过程，只有充分认识并了解这种特殊的跨文化现象，逐渐消除旅游过程中跨文化适应的各种障碍，人与人之间，游客与游客之间才能进行更有效地交往。

本文从跨文化适应的角度展开研究, 共由四个章节组成。第一章是绪论，介绍了研究背景、意义及本篇论文的结构。第二章文献综述中呈现了跨文化适应的研究现状和中西方对旅游与文化的研究。第三章列举了中国游客赴美旅游时可能遇到的种种不同形式的障碍，分析包括思维模式、社会规范、价值观等导致障碍的不同文化成因，并且探讨了针对这些成因所应采取的不同相应对策。第四章为总体概述，总结本文主要内容、揭示研究意义，并指出了存在的局限。

旅游是一种典型的跨文化适应的过程。2016年，中美旅游年将盛大开幕。本文希望能为中国游客的境外旅游实践提供一些参考价值，帮助游客适应不同文化。

关键词：旅游; 文化差异; 跨文化适应

Abstract

Cross-cultural adaptation is a hot issue in the area of cross-cultural research recently. Traveling, in fact, is also a typical process of cross-cultural adaptation. Only when this special cross-cultural phenomenon is fully understood and learnt can various barriers in cross-cultural adaptation be eliminated gradually. As a result, people or travelers can interact with each other more effectively.

This thesis focuses on the aspect of cross-cultural adaptation, and consists of four chapters. Chapter One is an overall introduction including research background and significance, and composition of this thesis. Chapter Two is the literature review about previous studies on cross-cultural adaptation and western and domestic studies on the relationship of tourism and culture. Chapter Three lists different types of barriers Chinese travelers may encounter when traveling in America. In addition, it discusses different cultural reasons for barriers, including thinking mode, social norms and values. At last, feasible countermeasures are pointed out accordingly. Chapter Four is a conclusion which summarizes the main ideas in this thesis and points out the limitations.

Traveling is a typical process of cross-cultural adaptation. In the year 2016, The Sino-US Tourism Year will be held. This thesis aims to provide some suggestions for Chinese travelers during overseas traveling practice, and help them adapt to different cultures. 

Keywords: traveling  cultural difference  cross-cultural adaptation

Contents

Acknowledgements I

Abstract II

摘要 III

Chapter One Introduction 1

1.1 Research Background and Significance 1

1.2 Composition of the Thesis 1

Chapter Two Literature Review 2

2.1 Previous Studies on Cross-cultural Adaptation 2

2.1.1 Development of Cross-cultural Adaptation Theory 2

2.1.2 Four Stages of Cross-cultural Adaptation 3

2.2 Previous Studies on Tourism and Culture 4

2.2.1 Western Studies on Tourism and Culture 4

2.2.2 Domestic Studies on Tourism and Culture 6

2.3 Summary 7

Chapter Three Barriers in Cross-cultural Adaptation for Chinese travelers in America 8

3.1 Cross-cultural Adaptation Barriers in Different Ways 8

3.1.1 Barriers in Language 8

3.1.2 Barriers in Privacy 9

3.1.3 Barriers in Living Habits 10

3.1.4 Barriers in Politeness 11

3.1.5 Barriers in Time Perception 11

3.2 Reasons for the Barriers 12

3.2.1 Different Value Systems 12

3.2.2 Different Thinking Modes 12

3.2.3 Different Social Norms 13

3.3 Countermeasures to the Barriers 14

3.3.1 Improving Travelers’ Language Ability 14

3.3.2 Improving Multi-cultural Awareness 14

3.3.3 Learning about Different Cultures and Practicing 14

3.3.4 Overcoming Negative Emotions 15

Chapter Four Conclusion 16

References 17