Analysis of the Social Factors of Tess's Tragedy in Tess of the D'Urbervilles_英语论文

摘要

众所周知，托马斯·哈代是19世纪英国相当出名的现实主义作家，他的代表作《德伯家的苔丝》引起了许多学者的研究兴趣，并从不同视角下对它进行研究。该小说主要讲述了一位美丽纯真的少女在失身后的悲惨命运。显而易见，苔丝的悲剧是由多方面的原因造成的，如当时的社会因素、苔丝自身的性格原因，两位男主人公的原因，家庭、父母的原因等。其中，英国当时的社会情况是导致苔丝悲剧的主要原因，苔丝的悲剧正是社会的悲剧。笔者从英国19世纪社会大背景入手，深入剖析了导致苔丝悲剧的主要社会原因。

在论文基本结构方面，笔者将全文共分为五个部分，第一部分是导言部分，第二部分是历史背景介绍，第三部分是对苔丝悲剧的阐述，第四部分是本论文的主要部分，论述了苔丝悲剧的社会因素，第五部分是对全文进行总结。首先，在导言部分，对《德伯家的苔丝》及其作者、主人公和本论文本身做了简单的介绍。随后，笔者对苔丝的悲剧做了深入分析，最终发现，英国19世纪的社会情况是导致苔丝悲剧最根本的原因。要剖析苔丝悲剧的社会原因，必须先对当时的社会背景有深入的了解，故此在第二部分介绍了英国当时的社会背景。在了解了社会背景的基础上，可重新审视苔丝的悲剧命运，于是在第三部分简述了苔丝的悲剧本身。在此二者的基础上，才可重点分析导致苔丝悲剧的社会原因，即第四部分对社会因素的分析。此部分从五个方面分析了具体的社会原因，包括当时的经济问题、资产阶级的道德伪善、宗教的虚伪性、法律的虚伪性以及陈旧的道德和宿命论，同时对其他方面的原因进行了简单的阐述。在论文最后，笔者对本论文阐述的论题作了简单总结。

关键词：经济 政治 宗教 法律 道德论

Abstract

Thomas Hardy, as we all know, was a remarkably famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the representative masterpiece of Thomas Hardy, has evoked enormous curiosity of literary scholars, and a lot of researches about this novel have been done from various perspectives, which depict the tragic life experience of one beautiful but pure girl after her disgrace. Obviously, the factors which lead to Tess’s tragedy are various, such as the social factors, Tess’s characteristics, the two male characters, Tess’s family and her parents, and the social status was the main reason for Tess’s tragedy. To some degree, Tess’s tragedy is the tragedy of the whole society. Therefore, starting from the social background, the main social factors which lead to the tragedy are analyzed in depth in this thesis.

Regarding to the structure, this paper is divided into five parts. The first one is the introduction, the second one the historical background, the third one the analysis of the Tess’s tragedy, the froth one the social factors of Tess’s tragedy as the main part and the conclusion as the last part. At first the introduction part makes a general introduction of the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the writer, the characters and the paper. Then with the in-depth analysis of Tess’s tragedy, it is finally found that the most fundamental factor is the social condition in 19th century in England. In order to recognize the social factors which lead to the tragedy, it is needed to deeply understand the social background at that time. Therefore, the second part presents the social background. On the basis of the second part, it becomes possible to know the tragedy better, so the tragedy is described in the third part. Following the above parts, it’s the right moment to analysis the social factors, which is the main part of this thesis. This part contains five specific social factors causing the tragedy, the economic problems, the moral hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie and the religion, the hypocrisy of the law, and the ethics and fatalism. By the way, other reasons are also briefly stated at the end of this part. At last, the paper ends up with the brief conclusion.

Key words：Economy; Politics; Religion; Law; Ethics  

Contents

1   Introduction 1

3   The Moral Hypocrisy of the Bourgeoisie 6

4   The Hypocrisy of the Religion 8

5   The Hypocrisy of the Law 10

6   The Ethics and Fatalism in Old Times 11

7   Other Reasons Caused by Social Factors 12

8   Conclusion 13

Bibliography 14

Acknowledgements 15