摘要 

在贸易保护主义的背景下，非关税贸易壁垒逐步取代传统的关税壁垒，且数量逐年上升。发达国家成为贸易措施的主要设立者，而发展中国家成为了被限制的对象。文章结合数据，主要以中国为例，分别分析了主要的几种进口限制措施的特征、成因、发展趋势及其对发展中国家的影响，并提出一些合理对策。

关键词：进口限制；非关税贸易壁垒；数量限制；技术标准类壁垒；贸易防御类壁垒；发达国家；发展中国家

Contents       

Introduction 1

1 Tariff Barriers and Non-tariff Barriers 1

1.1 Traditional Tariff Barriers and Their Effects 1

1.2 Trends in Trade Barriers 2

1.2.1 Causes and Characteristics of Non-tariff Trade Barriers 2

1.2.2 Development Trend of Non-tariff Trade Barriers 3

2 Quantitative Restrictions 3

2.1 The Economic Role of Quantitative Restrictions 3

2.2 Negative Effects of Quantitative Restrictions on Industrial Development 4

2.3 Trends and Characteristics of Quantitative Measures in Recent Years 5

3 Trade Defense Barriers 6

3.1 Characteristics of Two Common Trade Remedy Measures 6

3.2 Situation and Country Characteristics of Trade Remedy Cases in Recent Years 7

3.3 Reasons of being Vulnerable to Double-Reverse Investigations 7

3.4 The Characteristics of “Double-Reverse” Investigations Targeted at China and Their Impact on Export Enterprises 8

3.5 Countermeasures against Trade Defense Barriers 11

4 Technical Standard Barriers 11

4.1 Characteristics of Two Technical Standard Barriers 11

4.2 The Cause of Technical Standard Barriers 12

4.3 The Trend and Country Characteristics of Technical Standard Barriers 13

4.4 Hot Issues Concerned by WTO Members in Technical Standard Barriers 13

4.4.1 Hot Issues in SPS 14

4.4.2 Hot Issues in TBT 14

4.5 New Trends in the Establishment of Technical Standard Barriers 15

4.6 Trends and Categories of Chinese Export Products being Blocked by TBT 15

4.7 The Impact of Technical Standard Barriers on Developing Countries' Exports 16

4.7.1 Greater Negative Effects in the Short Term 16

4.7.2 Greater Positive Effects in the Long Term 17

4.8 Countermeasures against Technical Standard Barriers 17

Conclusion 18

References 19