摘要

素有“英国小说中的莎士比亚”之称的托马斯•哈代，被认为是英国乃至世界文坛中最杰出的代表人物之一。《无名的裘德》是代表哈代最高学术成就的“环境与性格”系列小说之一，自一出版就引起文学界的热烈研究。作为英国工业革命时期的小说，《无名的裘德》反映了哈代深刻的生态伦理意识。  本文以生态伦理学出发，探讨哈代在其小说《无名的裘德》中的生态思想。

本文将以鲁枢元的生态批评三分法及生态伦理学基本理论为框架，从自然生态、社会生态、精神生态三个方面探讨《无名的裘德》中所描述的生态危机，从而提炼哈代的生态思想，包括尊重生命与生物，对利己主义的批判，道德沦丧的毁灭性等。通过描写这三种生态危机，哈代向读者传递了他先进的生态思想，给予后世深刻的启发。

关键词：生态伦理  《无名的裘德》  托马斯•哈代  生态危机

Contents

Abstract i

摘  要 ii

Chapter One  Introduction 1

1.1  A Brief Introduction to Thomas Hardy 1

1.2  A Brief Introduction to Jude the Obscure 2

1.3  Purpose of the Thesis 3

1.4  Structure of the Thesis 4

Chapter Two  Literature Review 5

2.1  Introduction 5

2.2  Previous Studies on Jude the Obscure Abroad 5

2.3  Previous Studies on Jude the Obscure at Home 6

2.4  Summary 8

Chapter Three  Theoretical Framework 9

3.1  Introduction 9

3.2  The Definition of Ecocriticism 9

3.3  Three Developmental Stages of Ecological Ethics 10

3.4  Definition and Basic Thoughts of Ecological Ethics 11

3.5  Lu Shuyuan’s Trichotomy of Ecology 12

Chapter Four  An Analysis of Thomas Hardy’s Ecological Thought in Jude the Obscure 14

4.1  Introduction 14

4.2  Thomas Hardy’s Ecological Thought about Nature in Jude the Obscure 14

4.2.1 Opposition to Anthropocentrism 15

4.2.2 The Influence of Darwinism on Hardy’s Ecological Thoughts 16

4.3  Thomas Hardy’s Ecological Thought about Society in Jude the Obscure.....18

4.3.1 Product of the Society: Ecological Refugee 18

4.3.2 Ecological Refugee in Jude the Obscure 19

4.4  Thomas Hardy’s Ecological Thought about Spirit in Jude the Obscure 20

4.4.1 Utilitarianism in the Absence of Responsibility: Arabella 21

4.4.2 Disillusionment with the Ideal: Jude 22

4.4.3 From Resistance to Submission: Sue 23

Chapter Five  Conclusion 26

Bibliography 27 

Acknowledgements 28