论《格列佛游记》中讽刺艺术的陌生化

On the Defamiliarization of Satire in Gulliver’s Travels

摘要

在过去对于《格列佛游记》的文学评论当中，主要的思想大多集中在小说讽刺内容及其主题思想方面，对18世纪英国当时的宗教、政治、社会等方面的矛盾进行了揭露，从而说明作品的社会现实意义，较少关注小说讽刺艺术真正的源泉。本文从《格列佛游记》的讽刺艺术手法入手，结合俄国文学评论家和小说家什克洛夫斯基的“陌生化理论”，认为正是斯威夫特在小说里的讽刺手法与其它作家传统讽刺手法运用不同，使得该小说魅力四射、愈久弥新。接下来本文试从讽刺题材、讽刺人物形象、讽刺修辞手法、讽刺叙事视角、讽刺语言描写五个方面，用“陌生化理论”分析《格列佛游记》的独特讽刺艺术，从而体会陌生化手法对文学作品艺术魅力展现的作用。

关键词：《格列佛游记》；讽刺艺术；什克洛夫斯基；陌生化理论；陌生化手法

Abstract

In the past literary criticism of Gulliver’s Travels, most of the main ideas focus on the satirical content and theme of the novel. The contradictions of religion, politics and society in Britain in the 18th Century are revealed to illustrate the practical significance of the work. They pay less attention to the real source of satire art. This paper begins with the satirical art of Gulliver’s Travels, combining with Russian literary critic and novelist Shklovsky’s “theory of defamiliarization”. The author points out that it is Swift’s satirical art in the novel which is different from other writers’ traditional satire arts that makes the novel glamorous and the longer fresh. Next, this paper tries to analyze the unique art of satire in Gulliver’s Travels based on the theory of defamiliarization, from satirical subject, satirical characters, satirical rhetorical devices, satirical narrative perspectives and satirical language description. Therefore, we can experience the role of defamiliarization in showing the artistic charm of literary works.

Key words: Gulliver’s Travels; satirical arts; Shklovsky; the theory of defamiliarization; defamiliarization