浅析修辞情境视角下的葛底斯堡演说

A Brief Analysis of the Gettysburg Address from the Perspective of Rhetorical Situation

摘要

本文介绍了修辞情境主要流派及发展历程，通过对几种修辞情境观的比较和分析来进一步了解修辞情境的作用。通过理论阐述、归纳总结、实例分析等方法对葛底斯堡演说进行分析，从比较被宽泛接受的Bitzer修辞情境三因素：缺失、受众与限制三个角度入手，结合时代背景，历史事件，政治需求，人物特点等各个因素具体分析葛底斯堡演说在何种特定情境或是紧急状态下产生，从信念缺失及紧急措施缺失来分析缺失要素，立场认同和理想认同来理解受众这个要素，从情境限制和演说者的逻辑对葛底斯堡演说中限制的特点进行讨论，研究演说中修辞情境的效果和启发。最终试图给读者一个新的角度去理解葛底斯堡演说，且能从这个角度去理解分析其他演说或是特点语境。

关键词：修辞情境；三因素；葛底斯堡演说

Abstract

This paper introduces the main genre and development process of rhetorical situation, and it helps us to have a further understanding of the effect of the rhetorical situation. The Gettysburg Address is analyzed by the methods of theoretical analysis, case analysis, summary and induction, and it is also discussed from three main factors of rhetorical situation by Lloyed Bitzer which includes exigency, audience and constrains. The existence of the Gettysburg Address in a particular situation or state of emergency is analyzed from the background of the times, historical events, political needs, the characteristics of the characters and other factors, while the features of the situation in Gettysburg Address is studied to find out its effect and revelation. It talks about the exigency from the lack of faith and the exigency of emergency countermeasures. The element of audience is talked from the position identification and ideal identification. Lastly, it talks about constrains of the situation and constrains of the logical proof of the speaker by analysis. This paper tries to give readers a new perspective to understand the Gettysburg Address, and it tries to give the readers a new respective to analyze other speeches or specific situation we could probably encounter.

Key words: rhetorical situation; three elements; Gettysburg Address