1984中的政治隐喻分析_英语论文

The analysis of Political Metaphors in 1984

摘要

隐喻的研究历时较长，约从2000多年前亚里士多德开始将其作为一种可有可无的修辞方式。直到20世纪，更多的学者才尝试从认知语言学的角度去研究隐喻，而八十年代雷科夫和约翰逊的著作《我们赖以生存的隐喻》中提出的概念隐喻这一观念将认知语言学方向下的隐喻研究带入了高潮。政治隐喻是指隐喻在政治中的应用，常见于政客们的演讲，社评文章以及用于讽刺时政的文学作品中。本文旨在介绍认知语言学框架下的隐喻研究，并以《1984》为例来分析奥威尔如何通过政治隐喻表达自己对时政的态度及观点。

关键词: 隐喻 隐喻发展 概念隐喻 政治隐喻

Abstract

The study of metaphor can be traced back to 2000 years ago, when Aristotle proposed it as a rhetoric device. In 20th century, scholars began to study metaphors through the cognitive linguistic approach, and the publication of Metaphors We Live By of Lakoff and Johnson, and their Conceptual Metaphor Theory brought the study to the climax. Political metaphors refer to those used to describe political events, which can be found in politicians’ speeches, critical articles and literary works for satirizing. This essay aims at introducing the metaphor study from the perspective of cognitive linguistics by analyzing the metaphors from 1984 to see how political metaphors help writers to express their political views.

Key words: metaphor development of metaphor conceptual metaphor theory political metaphor  

Contents

1. Introduction 2

1. 1 Background 2

1.2 Layout 3

2. Metaphors, conceptual metaphor theory and political metaphors 4

2.1 Metaphors and the development of metaphors 4

2.1.1 Traditional approach of Metaphor 4

2.1.2 Functional grammar approach of metaphor 5

2.1.3 Cognitive perspective of metaphors 7

2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) 8

2.2.1 Definition of CMT 8

2.2.2 The Mechanism of CMT 9

2.2.3 The Classification of CMT 10

2.2.4 Summary 12

2.3 Political metaphor 13

2.3.1 Definition of Political Metaphors 13

2.3.2 Functions of Political Metaphors 13

2.4 Theoretical Research Discussion 15

3. Political Metaphors in 1984 16

3.1 Introduction of 1984 16

3.2 The Basic Concepts of the CMT Reflected in 1984 17

3.2.1 The Basic Concept of Ordinary People 17

3.2.2 The Basic Concept of Winston 19

3.3 Political Metaphors on the Structure of Oceania 19

3.3.1 The Metaphors of Social Structure 19

3.3.2 The Political Metaphors on the Government 20

3.3.3 Metaphors of the Slogans 20

3.3.4 The Metaphors of People’s Living Condition 23

3.4 Other Political Metaphors in 1984 24

3.4.1 The Political Metaphors of Goldstein 24

3.4.1.1 Introduction of Goldstein 24

3.4.2 The Political Metaphors of O’Brien 25

3.4.3 The metaphors of Room 101 28

4. Conclusion 30

Appendix 31

Acknowledgement 33

Bibliography: 34