摘　要

在世界文明相互交流的历史中，借词现象由来已久。英语的特点之一就是善于吸收各民族语言的词汇，这些词汇与本土词汇一起丰富了英语的表现力。虽然相隔遥远，并且远古时代直接交往困难，然而在中西方文明漫长交汇融合的历史中，英语也从汉语里吸收率为数不少的汉语借词。语言代表了一个国家文化、思想等方面的特殊性，当两个国家开始交流，词汇借贷的现象就会不可避免的发生。随着历史步伐的前进，国家之间的了解也越来越深入，借贷的方法也在不断改变。这些借词在不同时代有着不同的时代特征，反映了当时中西方交往的时代特色。本文从历史角度探讨词汇借贷的方法的改变，首先介绍了中英文交流过程中的重大历史事件，以及对它们的影响，最后总结出长久以来英语中汉语外来语的翻译方法。

关键词：英语中的汉语外来语；历史；翻译方法
 
Abstract

In the history of communication among many civilizations, the phenomenon of loanwords had already appeared in many languages long before. One of the typical features of English is the large quantities of loanwords from other languages. Likewise, in the history of communication between Western and Eastern civilizations, as one of the most typical eastern civilizations, China also has supplied considerable Chinese words into English in spite of with stamps of ages and features of Chinese culture in that time becasue a language can be the reflection of a culture. The language of a country is the mirror of its unique culture, thought etc. And lexical borrowings follow inevitably when the contact of those two different languages begins. The borrowing method, what is more, will change with the time and increasing understanding between the two countries as well. The aim of this paper is to figure out the translation methods of Chinese loanwords in English through its history from the very beginning. The prosess will be firstly introduced of how English and Chinese made their connections, and the influence on the loanwords will be described next as well. Finally this paper concludes different transformative approaches in different times.

Key words: Chinese loanwords in English; history; translation methods

1 Introduction
   Language is the mirror of the culture of a society, and it represents different value and thoughts. When two societies communicate with each other, the languages will inevitably made contact, resulting in borrowing language component mutually, and the most popular one is lexical borrowings.
1.1 The definition of load words
This study focuses on the loanwords. Lexical borrowing is most commonly defined as the influence on the linguistic patterns of a native language from another language with which it is in contact. Thomason and Kaufman, for instance, refer to borrowing as “the incorporation of foreign features into a group’s native language by speakers of that language: the native language is maintained but is changed by the addition of the incorporated features”. In a similar vein, Winford (2003: 11) uses the term lexical borrowing to describe the contact-induced changes that occur in situations whereby the speech community preserves the use of “its native language from generation to generation” but borrows some lexical and structural features from an external language.