Abstract

Hanshan’s poems are one of the types that have the most extensive impact for the longest time abroad. The language in Hanshan’s poems is popular and easy to understand, while the meaning behind is deep and profound. The wisdom of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucism, as well as Hanshan’s legendary life of seclusion makes his poems shine brightly abroad till nowadays. Japanese scholars have kept great interest in studying Hanshan’s poems and the pictures of him since they spread to Japan in Northern Song Dynasty. In the 1950s, Hanshan’s poems spread to America, and soon the spiritual detachment and his broad-mindedness became the mental support of the “Beat Generation”. The transcendental style also brought new vigor and vitality into American poetry field. Many scholars including Gary Snyder, Red Pine and Burton Watson attempted to translate and even modify Hanshan’s poems, which makes the impact of Hanshan’s poems last till now.
    The culture carried, feelings of the author contained as well as various types of the image make image translation a difficulty. As one of the classic theories of translation, the functional equivalence of Nida provide a perspective for studying how the American scholars deal with image translation. This thesis selects the versions of Red Pine and Gary Snyder, and the majority of the examples come from Red Pine. Combined with functional equivalence, six methods of image translation in Hanshan’s poems are summarized, including literal translation, literal translation with footnotes, substitution. deletion, paraphrasing and addition, each one supported with about two examples. Some translating problems are also analyzed, such as mistranslation and the translation inferior to the original version.
 
Keywords：Hanshan’s poems；image translation；functional equivalence

摘要

寒山诗是中国在国外影响力最广泛最久远的一类诗，寒山诗语言多数使用了白话文，通俗易懂，含义却博大精深。 它融合佛道儒三者的哲学精华，加上其作者寒山名号不知，生死日期不详及其淡泊归隐的传奇色彩，在国外大放异彩。寒山诗自北宋时期传入日本后，日本学术界对寒山诗及作者画像的研究热情高居不下。20世纪50年代，寒山诗传入美国，寒山诗中蕴含的淡然豁达的处世态度立刻成为“垮掉的一代”的精神支柱。寒山诗清新脱俗的风格也为美国当时的诗歌领域注入了新鲜血液。众多学者如斯奈德、赤松、华生对寒山诗进行了翻译和轻微的改写，使得该诗在美国的影响力一直持续到现在。
意象作为诗的灵魂，承载了一定的文化内涵和作者的思想感情，其类型也多种多样，因此在翻译时是一大难点。作为翻译界的正统理论之一，奈达的功能对等理论为本文提供了视角和参考。在此基础上，本文探究了美国学者在翻译寒山诗中的意象时是如何处理的。论文中的例子选自赤松和斯奈德的译本，其中赤松译本占绝大部分。本文总结出了寒山诗意象翻译中常用的六种翻译方法，分别为保留意象、意象加注、替换意象、删除意象、解释意象和添加意象，每种方法举出约2个例子予以解释。正文最后还指出了译本中的问题，如误译或译语不如源语等现象。
    
关键词：寒山诗；意象翻译；功能对等理论