Abstract:

It’s a common case that language deviates from the normal usage in the process of oral or written communications. People consciously adjust this phenomenon in order to express their thoughts more accurately. This thesis firstly reviews previous researches made about linguistic deviation, and then expounds the factors causing linguistic deviation. Based on a theory of Leech about deviation and with examples, this thesis analyzes how linguistic deviation breaks the linguistic norm in specific contexts so as to achieve certain expression goals.

Keywords: deviation; linguistic norm; effect

摘  要：

语言在口头或书面运用过程中经常会出现偏离常规的情形，于是人们有意识地调控这种超常，以便能更准确地表达自己的思想。本文首先回顾了前人对语言偏离所作的研究，阐述了产生语言偏离的因素。为了进一步研究语言中的偏离手段，论文以Leech的偏离理论为理论框架，分析了语言偏离的各种类型，并以例证的方式分析语言偏离在具体语境下如何违反语言使用常规，从而实现其语言表达的效果。

关键词：偏离；语言使用常规；效果

1 Introduction
In the past ninety years, linguistic deviation has mainly centered on the study of poetic and literary works from the perspectives of formalism and structuralism. Since the late 20th century when pragmatics began to develop and thrive, studies on linguistic deviation have been gradually shifting to pragmatic and cognitive perspectives. From then on, linguistic deviation has been drawing much attention of an increasing number of domestic and foreign scholars.
In ancient Greece, Aristotle, a pioneer in deviation studies, introduced the aesthetic value of deviation. In his book Poetics, he stated that the unfamiliarity due to this deviation from normal usage would raise diction above common place, while the retention of some part of the normal forms would make for clarity (N.V. Raveendran, 2000). In the early and middle of the 20th century, Victor Shklovskij and Mukarovsky made high generalization to the deviation theory, not only providing important clues for people to identify deviation, but also pointing out the stylistic function of foregrounding of deviation. In the past ninety years, linguistic deviation has made a big difference to poetry studies. In the last decades, researches on linguistic deviation abroad have mainly fallen in the analysis of poetic and fictional language from the perspectives of formalism, structuralism, pragmatic and cognitive linguistics. In 1986, Van Peer (1986) regards deviation for the first time, in his book Stylistics and Psychology- Investigations of Foregrounding, as a pragmatic concept, referring to the dynamic interaction between author, text and reader. From then on, studies on deviation started to be conducted from the pragmatic perspective, but deviation is applied still to poetry and literary works. However, according to Zhu Yongsheng (2001), deliberately exaggerating to create a sensation contains more deviation than a typical modern poem.