Abstract

Fossilization occurs as a preprogram inside of adults in their language acquisition. No matter how hard the adults may try, how strongly motivated they are and how favorable their learning environment is, fossilization as a cognitive process is bound to occur, resulting in adults being unable to master the target language to the fullest extent. The internal factors are inhibition of first language on second language, lack of sensitivity to input, outgrowing the critical age, lack of acculturation, lack of social needs of communication in second language.The external causes are quality of input, absence of corrective feedback, lack of genuine communicative purposes. The solutions to fossilization are improving the quality of input, correcting the output in time, improving learner's inner motivation, eliminating affective obstacles to promote cultural accommodation, learning in language chunks to reduce mother language interference.
This paper is committed to a preliminary analysis of its internal causes and external causes, enable people to pay due attention to the phenomenon of fossilization, and help adults lessen and strive to eliminate the fossilization in their second language learning process.

Key Words: fossilization；adult；second language acquisition；internal causes；external causes

摘要

僵化现象就像内置在成人语言学习中的预先机制。不管成人多么努力去学习，学习动机多么强烈，语言环境多么良好，然而僵化现象作为一个认知过程，是注定会发生的，使得成人无法完全掌握目标语言。它的内在因素如下：第一语言对第二语言的抑制；缺乏对输出的敏感度；错过语言关键期；缺乏文化适应；缺乏对于第二语言的交际需求。它的外在因素如下：输入质量不佳；缺乏正确的反馈机制；缺乏真实的交际目的。消除僵化现象的方法有：提高输入质量；及时纠正输出错误；提高学习者的内在学习动机；消除情感障碍促进文化适应；使用语块学习法来减少母语的干扰。
本文致力于通过对内在因素和外在因素的初步分析，使人们重视僵化现象。同时帮助成人在第二语言习得中减轻和努力消除僵化现象.

关键词：僵化现象.；成人；第二语言习得；内在因素；外在因素

  Chapter One Introduction

Why a fossilized language system exists has always been one of the hot-button issues in second language acquisition research. In the process of exploring the fossilization with the intention of preventing, mitigating, and trying eliminating it, it is essential for researchers to know relevant factors contributing to language fossilization. Concerning the root of fossilization, scholars and researchers come to agree on the following point: both internal and external factors can induce fossilization. “In terms of internal factors, learner’s affective, cognitive, biological perspectives are taken into consideration; in terms of external factors, pedagogical, social and culture perspectives are deeply involved.” Most of the studies concentrate on definitions and reasons for fossilization and some are trying to find solutions to the dilemma.
However, there are few papers that draw an overall conclusion and arrive at a set of systematic solutions to it. In this paper, the author is going to familiarize second language learners with the phenomenon of fossilization and focus on the ways of making conscious efforts to overcome it.