摘要

在信息化高速发展的当今时代，不同文化背景人们之间的交往变得更加频繁。语言使用者在语言活动中，常常将自己的文化背景、价值观、思维方式作为其说话活动的重要依据。如果，说话者和接受者之间存在着文化差异，那么语言理解会变得非常困难，甚至有时会出现语用失误的现象。语用失误是跨文化交际失败的重要原因之一。文章分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误种类以及语用失误的主要原因，并提出了对策：一、了解自己，了解异国文化，了解文化差异；二、运用移情，增加交流的灵活性；三、承认差异合理性；四、提高文化适应力。

关键词： 文化差异；跨文化交际；语用失误；方法

Abstract

As we live in a society in which information develops quickly, people from different countries contact each other more frequently than before. Language users make use of a language according to their own cultural background, ideas of values and modes of thinking. However, the cultural differences between the speakers and the recipients make language comprehension very difficult, and these differences can also lead to the phenomena of pragmatic failure in intercultural communication. Pragmatic failure is a main reason for the failure of intercultural communication. The paper analyzes the types and the governing reasons of pragmatic failure, and it also provides some methods to solve the problems. Effective methods to solve this problem are to understand the culture of foreign country and the differences, to use the empathy to increase the communication flexibility, to admit the consistency of differences existing and improving the adaptation of cross-culture.

Key words: cultural differences; intercultural communication; pragmatic failure; method

1 Introduction
1.1 Background Information

Culture is the holistic interrelationship of a group’s identity, beliefs, values, activities, rules, customs, communication patterns, and institutions (Carley H. Dodd, 2006). Communication Between Cultures defines “culture” as that culture is shared learned behavior which is transmitted from one generation to another for purposes of individual and social, adaptation, and growth and development (Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, 2004). Generally speaking, culture, that is the total of what people thinking, talking, doing and feeling. Different nations have created their own special cultures in different ecological or natural environment. Meanwhile, they are shaped by their own cultures, too.