英国多元文化主义政策的衰退—英国工党和保守党政治话语分析

The Decline of British Multiculturalism: Political Discourse Analysis of UK Labour and Conservative Parties

摘要

由于长期的殖民和帝国经历，英国有着长期的对内移民的历史，它因此被看作一个少数民族可以同时享受和贡献国家成就的多元文化国家。然而在近十年以来，尤其是在“9•11恐怖袭击事件”之后，对于该政策的不满渐渐产生，并且在“伦敦七七爆炸案”之后更加严重。英国现任首相大卫卡梅伦在2011年的一次暴乱后的演讲中公开指出，英国的多元文化主义政策失败了。不仅如此，最近在伦敦发生的恐怖袭击案件更恶化了公众对于移民，尤其是穆斯林的态度。英国丰富的多元文化看起来不再受欢迎。为了更好的理解在政治领域的态度变化，本文通过批判性话语分析（CDA）的方法，分析英国工党和保守党领导人的政治话语对于多元文化主义的影响。

本文的理论支持是Michel Foucault和Norman Fairclough，他们都将语言和社会紧密的联系在一起。因此，本文在分析过程中也将考虑到演讲产生的社会背景。本文的分析采用Fairclough的CDA三维框架，将分别分析对于两党演讲的“描述、解读和解释”。

本文最终通过分析多种关于安全、责任和社会融合的话语，认可英国多元文化主义政策的衰退；同时也认为该政策的将来并不乐观。

关键词：多元文化主义，英国政党，话语分析，移民

Abstract
As a country with a long history of immigration due to its colonial past and its previous status as an empire, Britain is often regarded as a multicultural country where ethnic minorities can both enjoy and contribute to the accomplishments of the country. However, over the past decade, and especially since the September 11 attacks, an increasing disfavour towards the policy arose and toughened after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The current Prime Minister David Cameron officially declared the failure of British multiculturalism after a riot in 2011. Furthermore, the latest terrorist attack in London worsened the public’s attitudes towards immigrants, and especially Muslims. The rich cultural diversity seems no longer welcome. To better understand the attitudinal change in the political arena, the thesis sets out to analyze the role of political discourse of Labour and Conservative party leaders in the decline of multiculturalism in Britain, via Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).
The theoretical backdrop of this thesis is the ideas of Michel Foucault and Norman Fairclough, who both view language and society as closely linked. Hence, the thesis also takes into consideration the social context in which the speeches occur. The analysis employs Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework for CDA, where the three stages of “description, interpretation and explanation” come for both parties respectively.
The thesis recognizes the decline of multiculturalism in Britain, which is manifested in the multiple discourses on security, obligations and social cohesion. It also concludes that the future of the policy is not optimistic.
Key words: multiculturalism, British political parties, discourse analysis, immigration