摘要

基于预设理论，本文试图从语用预设角度分析奥巴马在第一次入主白宫前的若干篇竞选总统演讲。本文涉及的预设既包括列文森（Levinson）于1983年提出的预设触发名词所触发的语用预设以及名词化引起的语用预设，也包括其他学者研究的隐性评价性语用预设以探究奥巴马如何运用这些预设实现自己的目标——赢得选战。
在本文选取的四篇演讲中，奥巴马在词汇层面上综合运用明确所指描述、反复动词及其它反复词汇和名词化等触发的显性语用预设；在句法层面，奥巴马采用分裂句、比较结构及短语非限制从句以及少量反事实条件从句触发的显性语用预设。同时，奥巴马选取了一些评价性名词、动词、形容词以及相当数量的隐喻预设触发的隐性评价语用预设。通过这些预设，奥巴马把自己塑造成一个希望美国消除种族歧视，坚信美国梦，追求世界和平发展，使美国保持世界领导地位共建美好世界的总统候选人形象，为其作为美国首任黑人总统打下坚实的基础。

关键词  奥巴马竞选总统演说，语用预设，显性触发语用预设，隐性评价语用预设

Abstract

On the basis of relevant theories on presupposition, the author tries to analyze Obama’s presidential campaign speeches from the perspective of pragmatic presupposition so as to find out how Barack Obama achieves his political purposes----to win the election. Two types of presuppositions applied in the paper include explicitly pragmatic presupposition triggered 13 pragmatic presupposition triggers put forward by Levinson in 1983 and those triggered by nominalization as well as implicitly evaluative presupposition. 
    In the four speeches Barack Obama addressed from 2004 to 2008, explicitly presuppositions are made happen by definite descriptions, iterative verbs and particles and nominalization are utilized at the lexical level while ones triggered by non-restrictive relatives and cleft sentences and contrast and comparison and very few counterfactual conditionals and questions are employed at the syntactic level. With regard to implicitly evaluative pragmatic presuppositions, considerable evaluative nouns, evaluative verbs and evaluative adjectives are chosen along with a small number of metaphors that give rise to certain presuppositions. With all these pragmatic presuppositions, Barack Obama builds an identity as one that hopes to abolish all kinds of discriminations between races; one that has belief in American Dream; one that pursues peace and development of the world and that promotes the leadership of the United States to maintain hegemony and make the world a better place; with which he lays deep foundation for his debut as the first black president of the United States.

Keywords  Obama’s presidential campaign speech, pragmatic presupposition, explicitly triggered pragmatic triggers, implicitly evaluative pragmatic presupposition