摘  要

十九世纪末二十世纪初，杰克•伦敦创作了一系列以雪冻冰封的北方荒原为背景的北疆故事。随着全球生态环境日益恶化，杰克•伦敦小说中蕴含对自然、人的生存和发展等生态问题的思考引起了世人的关注，《生火》就是其中的一篇。不容忽视的是，杰克•伦敦在作品中对现代工业文明时代人类的生存方式、人与自然的关系等也做了哲学思考和批判。在人类生存环境急剧恶化、人与自然矛盾空前尖锐的今天，他的作品更展现出特殊的价值。此外，人类与大自然的关系也一直都是文学作品探索的重要主题之一。生态批评是探讨文学与自然环境之间关系的研究。本文采用生态批评的研究方法，试解读《生火》中的生态意识和自然主义倾向。

关键词：自然主义；生态批评；杰克•伦敦；《生火》

Abstract

In late 19th and early 20th century, Jack London wrote a series of short stories whose background was Far North which was frozen with snow. And with the global ecological environment getting worse, the world draws more attention to some ecological problems in Jack London’s novels, which contain nature, human beings’ existence and development. And “To Build a Fire” was one of them. It can not be ignored that in the works of Jack London, he made philosophical and critical thinking of human existence and relationships between human and nature in modern industrial civilization. Nowadays, for the dramatic deterioration of the human living environment and the unprecedented contradiction between human being and nature, his works show a special value. Besides, the relation between human being and nature has always been one of the important themes of literature exploration. In addition, ecological criticism is the study of exploring the relationship between literature and the natural environment. This thesis adopts the research method of ecological criticism, trying to interpret the ecological consciousness and the naturalism tendency in “To Build a Fire”. Furthermore, the author mainly adopts documental method, comparative method, inductive method and citing method. Using these methods, it can be figured out the naturalism and ecocriticism in “To Build a Fire” and found the application of the real values in real world, like issues of how to position human being in biosphere, how human should deal with relationships between nature and other creatures, should human comply with the law of nature, or follow human desire to conquer, dominate and utilize the nature.

Key words: naturalism; ecocriticism; Jack London; “To Build a Fire”

1 Introduction
This thesis mainly interprets the ecological consciousness and the naturalism tendency in “To Build a Fire” with the research method of ecological criticism. In this chapter, the author will make an introduction of Jack London and one of his works “To Build a Fire”.