Abstract:
Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel by British famous writer Thomas Hardy, describes the misfortune and tragedy of a poor country girl Tess. This thesis will analyze the origins of Tess’s tragedy from the external and internal factors. The external ones are laid in the social environment of that day—the economic situation of her family, some traditional views on morality and the religion, etc. Capitalism has been developed in England in an unprecedented and irresistible trend after the First Industrial Revolution. It seems that the capitalism has been brought to every corner of that current society, which brought the empire to a new era—the capitalism became richer while the common citizens became poorer. Tess’ family is just an epitome of that thousands of peasants families and that time. And the internal factors chiefly involve Tess’s character. On one hand, she was pure, brave and strong-willed; On the other hand, she was still chained by some conservative point of view on morality. All the factors above push Tess step by step to the tragic cliff, finally ruining her whole life.
By the description of Tess’s tragedy, Thomas Hardy expressed his disappointment to the society of the time and his sympathy to the villages changed by the Industrial Revolution and the changed life style of those poor countrymen, which showed Hardy’s pessimistic fatalism.

Key words: Tess of the D’Urbevilles; Tragedy; Origin; Thomas Hardy

摘 要：
《德伯家的苔丝》是英国小说家托马斯哈代最伟大的小说，描述了一个贫苦的乡村女孩的悲惨人生。苔丝是一个善良纯洁的农家女孩，然而由于当时整个社会大环境的影响，苔丝的命运一步步走向悲剧的深渊。这篇文章从内外因方面分析苔丝的悲剧根源的。外因表现为当时的整个社会环境，而整个社会环境又体现在当时的经济转型，传统道德观念的环绕以及当时宗教的统治上面。第一次工业革命之后，资本主义以前所未有的趋势渗透于社会的各个角落。由此，大英帝国进入了一个崭新时代。资本主义下，穷人更穷，富人更富。而苔丝的家庭只是千千万万个农民家庭的缩影。内因方面，主要体现在苔丝自身的性格上，苔丝是勇敢坚强的，然而由于难免受到当时大环境的影响，她的思想里仍有旧时的道德保守性，她仍然无法摆脱传统道德枷锁的束缚，但苔丝又是有责任心的，也正是她的责任心使她逐步迈向了绞刑架。

关键词：德伯家的苔丝；悲剧；根源；托马斯哈代

1 Introduction
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is an outstanding representative of the critical realistic writer in the Victorian era which is considered as the most prosperous time of the UK. He enjoyed his childhood in the countryside with beautiful scenery. During his time, with the development of the First Industrial Revolution, the countryside had been industrialized. Hardy noticed some pathetic changes in economy, politics and social customs. Hence he hoped to express his thoughts through his works.