摘要

狄更斯是英国最伟大的现实主义批判作家，他写的《艰难时世》是一部批判资本主义和功利主义的小说，他写这部小说的时候，英国正处于维多利亚时代，那时候经济、政治和文化都得到了极大的发展，然而，资产阶级和无产阶级的矛盾也越演越烈，宪章运动就爆发在这时候。在思想上，功利主义得到了普及；在教育方面，初等教育得到了很好的发展，如其沙特尔沃斯的培训学校得到了发展。但是这种功利主义思想的培训学校引起了很多的评论，有人觉得好，有人觉得不好，而狄更斯在小说《艰难时世》里对功利主义的教育进行了激烈的批判。
本论文从功利主义的角度来分析汤姆和路易莎的教育悲剧。首先讲述功利主义，包括功利主义的定义，功利主义的历史，功利主义的派别和《艰难时世》里面体现的功利主义教育原则，其次就逐个分析汤姆和路易莎是如何逐步变成功利主义教育的牺牲品的，这包括对他们小孩时本性的分析，接受功利主义教育思想时内心的冲突的分析，功利主义教育完成后他们遇到的挫折的分析和最后对功利主义失败的宣告的分析。通过这样的分析，我们将得出结论，狄更斯对功利主义的教育持批判态度。他反对对计算，数学，事实的过分强调，反对对幻想的扼杀。

关键词：功利主义，教育，汤姆，路易莎

Abstract

Charles Dickens was the greatest critical realism writer in England. Hard Times is a novel about criticism of capitalism and utilitarianism. He wrote this novel in the Victorian era. At that time, economy, culture and technology developed very fast. However, the conflicts between proletariat and bourgeois became more and more serious. Charter Movement broke out at that time. In culture, utilitarianism became more and more popular. In education, primary education developed very fast. For example, Kay-Shuttleworth’s training schools developed very fast. However, this kind of school brought a lot of disputes. Some people say it is good, while some people think it is bad. However, Charles Dickens criticizes this kind of education in his novel Hard Times.
This paper analyzes education tragedy of Tom and Louisa from the aspect of utilitarianism. First section analyzes utilitarianism. This section includes the definition of utilitarianism, history of utilitarianism, types of utilitarianism and the rule of utilitarianism embodied in Hard Times. The second chapter analyzes how Tom and Louisa became the victim of utilitarianism step by step. This chapter analyzes their nature when they were children, the struggle in their mind after they received the education, and the announcement of failure of utilitarianism. According to such kind of analysis, we can conclude that Charles Dickens not satisfied with such kind of education. He disprove that people pay more attention on calculation, math and facts, and ignore fancy.

Key words: Utilitarianism, Education, Tom, Louisa