摘要：

托马斯·哈代被誉为英国文学史上杰出的小说家和诗人。《无名的裘德》，作为哈代的最后一部小说,同时也是最优秀的一部。关于裘德的悲剧原因,大多数评论家从哈代的宿命论或社会环境来分析,只有很少人从西格蒙德·弗洛伊德人格理论中的本我、自我、超我视角分析。本文主要按时间顺序分析了裘德人格发展的过程，并从裘德和苏的不平衡的人格发展和残酷的社会环境分析裘德的悲剧成因，以期对哈代悲剧作出新的解释,并帮助读者加深对哈代的思想和作品的理解。
弗洛伊德人格理论由本我，自我，超我三部分组成，它们各具特色，遵循不同的指导原则，有时相互合作，有时又彼此冲突。裘德就是因为人格中缺少本我，超我又先于本我和自我出现，导致了三个“我”的错位。不平衡的人格发展和残酷的社会环境最终导致了其悲剧成因。

关键词：本我；自我；超我；裘德；悲剧

Abstract:

Thomas Hardy is regarded as an internationally brilliant novelist and poet in English literature. Jude the Obscure is his last novel, but it is also the finest one. About the causes for Jude’s tragedy, most critics analyze them from Hardy’s fatalism or social environment, and only few people discuss the causes from the perspective of id, ego, and superego which belong to Sigmund Freud’s Personality Theory. This thesis mainly analyzes the development of Jude’s personality in the time sequence, and the causes of Jude’s tragedy from the unbalanced personality development of Jude and Sue, and crucial social environment in Victorian era. This paper aims to make a new interpretation on hardy tragedy, and to help readers deepen their understanding of Hardy’s thoughts and works.
    Freud Sigmund’s Personality Theory is made up of id, ego and superego. They have their own characters and guiding principles. Sometimes they cooperate with others, while sometimes they conflict with others. Jude’s personality is short of id. Superego comes into being earlier than id and ego, which lead to displacement of the three “I”. The unbalanced personality development and the crucial social environment finally result in Jude’s tragedy.

Key words: id; ego; superego; Jude; tragedy

1. Introduction
     As an internationally excellent novelist, Thomas Hardy is regarded as one of the representatives of English critical realists at the turn of the 19th century. Hardy spend most of his life in countryside, which makes him have a deep understanding of the lives of common people, whose living conditions are very worse. Due to this experience, most of his novels describe the countryside and the ordinary people’s living conditions and he expresses great sympathy in these novels for simple and poor people. It is well known that as his last novel, Jude the Obscure is his finest one, being called “swan song” (Williams 2005). This novel has described the hero Jude’s changes from being full of ambition to degeneration of human nature, and his struggle to survive, and how he deal with the conflicts between sexual relations and pursuit, career and reality, marriage and love and so on. The most striking part in this novel is the tragic fate of Jude and his lovers.