Abstract

The Conceptual Metaphor Theory, first put forward by Lakoff (1980), studies metaphor from a cognitive perspective. According to this theory, metaphor is in human thought and action and is based on human experience. Therefore, metaphorical expressions of different nations may be different.
This thesis chooses the concept “fear”, a kind of human emotion, and compares its metaphorical expressions in English and Chinese from a cognitive perspective. In some occasions, English and Chinese use similar entities to describe “fear”, then mappings across source domain and target domain are similar between two languages. On the other hand, entities used to express “fear” may be different in English and Chinese, then are differentmappings occur. Therefore, conceptual metaphors concerning “fear” in English and Chinese bear similarities and differences.
Based on the similarities and differences in metaphorical expressions concerning “fear” between the two laguages, the thesis concludes some translation methods of conceptual metaphors from a cognitive perspective. From this perspective, translation should base on readers’ experience and cognition. Based on the translation methods put forward by Newmark and Nida, conceptual metaphors can be translated according to three patterns: literal translation, replacement and free translation. Literal translation can be adoped when similar mappings occur in the Source Language and the Target Language. Replacement is appliable if different mappings occur, but TL reader have similar experience and cognition with SL readers. Free translation can be used when there are different mappings in SL and TL, and TL readers have different cognition with SL readers towards a concept.  

KEYWORDS:conceptual metaphor, cognitive perspective, fear, translation pattern, mapping

摘要

传统上，隐喻被认为是一种单纯的修辞手段和语言显现，对隐喻的研究以之为基础。随着认知科学的发展，语言学家开始从不同的角度研究隐喻。1980年，莱考夫和约翰逊在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中提出概念隐喻相关理论，认为隐喻普遍存在于人类思维和语言中，是人类认知世界的一种工具。因此，不同民族的隐喻表达也有所不同。
本文将对中、英文中“恐惧”这一情感的隐喻表达作认知对比分析，探讨经验和文化的异同，及其对隐喻构建的影响。英、汉语中表达“恐惧”隐喻的实体相同时，源域到目标域的映射相似。相反，映射相异。因此，英、汉语中“恐惧”的隐喻表达有相同点和不同点。
在对比分析英汉语中“恐惧”隐喻表达的基础上，本文将结合纽马克和奈达的翻译理论，从认知角度总结隐喻翻译的三大模式：直译法、换译法和意译法。当源语言和目标语言的“恐惧”隐喻表达具有相似映射时，采用直译法；当两种语言映射不同，当读者拥有类似的认知时，采用换译法；当两种语言映射不同，且读者拥有不同的认知时，采用意译法。

关键词:概念隐喻；认知角度；恐惧；翻译模式；映射