摘 要
   
语言交际是生活中必不可少的一部分，礼貌问题与语言交际息息相关，因此礼貌问题是人类文明演变过程中十分重要且不可避免的一个问题。演讲作为一种特殊的语言交际方式，需要充分考虑到话语的得体性。而政治家的演讲更加需要注重这一问题。奥巴马作为一个国家元首，是一个相当成功的演讲家，其演讲感染了众多听众，得到了许多民众的支持。
本文尝试从语用学中的礼貌原则视角分析奥巴马两次胜选演讲中的礼貌现象。选取了奥巴马2008年和2012年的两篇获胜演讲，结合原文运用语用学角度的礼貌原则，即是利奇提出的六条礼貌准则,较为详细地探讨了奥巴马演讲中体现的礼貌原则。经过研究发现在演讲过程中，如果说话者遵循利奇的得体准则可以实现听者利益最大化从而降低对其的伤害；而在遵循慷慨准则的情况下，说话者可以在言语中实现对自己利益的最小化；赞扬准则驱使说话者尽可能的赞美听者而避免贬低听者；谦逊准则则驱使说话者尽可能的贬低自身，使听者认为说话者具有谦逊的良好人格品质；当遵循赞同准则时，说话者通过赞同听者的观点试图与听者建立起沟通的纽带；最后，当遵循同情原则时，说话者通过与听者分享同一种感情以进行情感交流。本文旨在对演讲者有所启发，使演讲者通过在演讲中有意识的使用礼貌原则与听众建立起和谐的关系，从而实现说服听众的最终目的。

关键词：礼貌原则；奥巴马；获胜演讲

ABSTRACT
   
Verbal communication, which is closely related to the politeness, is an essential part of our daily life. And the issue of politeness is highly significant and inevitable during the evolution of human civilization. Thus speech as a particular sort of verbal communication, the appropriateness of utterance should be fully considered, especially the politicians. Because political speech as a particular type of speech is often used in many political events in order to win the support of people and defeat opponents, which makes its speakers pay much more attention on the politeness issue in the speech. Barak Obama, also known as the president of the United States, is quite a successful speaker, his speech inspires so many people and has been a powerful weapon to help him win the presidential election.
This paper will choose two victory speeches of Barak Obama, and try to analyze the great effect of politeness principle in the speeches in detail in accordance with the six maxims of politeness advocated by Leech. It finds out that if the speaker follows the six maxims of politeness, it tend to make a successful speech. When following the Tact Maxim, the speaker can maximize the benefits of the listener and avoid the cost of the listener; when following the Generosity Maxim, the speaker can minimize the benefits of himself and add the cost of himself; when following the Approbation Maxim, the speaker can praise the listener and try not to dispraise the listener; when following the Modesty Maxim, the speaker tends to dispraise himself in order to make the listener have a good impression of the speaker; when following the Agreement Maxim, the speaker may agree with the listener in order to achieve the effect of bonding with each other; when following the Sympathy Maxim, the speaker can communicate with the listener at an emotional level by sharing the same feelings. The present study attempts to give speakers some enlightenment on how to build a harmonious relationship with listeners and convince them successfully in line with the politeness principle.

Key words: politeness principle; Barack Obama; victory speeches