摘要
   
    《老人与海》是海明威最出名的小说之一。正是由于这部作品，海明威在1954年获得了诺贝尔文学奖。20世纪70年代以来，文学批评在文学世界快速兴起发展。文学批评是探索文学与自然环境之间关系的批评，旨在唤醒人类的生态意识和重建人与自然的和谐。这篇论文包含四个部分。第一部分简单介绍背景知识。第二部分主要讨论人与自然间的矛盾关系。这包含两个点：一个是人与自然间的生态竞争，另一个是人与自然间的生态共存。这两点能够直观地反映海明威的自然观和这篇小说中的生态批评。通过描述人与自然间矛盾关系，我们不难发现自然对人类的惩罚，继而能够唤醒人类去保护自然以及去与自然保持平衡。

关键词  生态批评,生态竞争,生态共存

Abstract

The Old Man and the Sea is one of the most famous novels of Ernest Hemingway.. Just because of this work, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. Since the 1970s, the word, eco-criticism has swept across the literary world at a fast speed. Eco-criticism is to explore the relationship between literature and the natural world, which aims to arouse human beings’ ecological consciousness and to rebuild harmony between man and nature. This thesis is made up of four parts. The first part gives a brief introduction of background information. The second part mainly discusses the paradoxical relationship between man and nature. It is composed of two points. One is the ecological competition between man and nature, the other is the ecological coexistence between man and nature. These two points can distinctly reflect Hemingway’s view of nature and the ecological criticism in this novel. By describing the paradoxical relationship between man and nature, it is not hard for us to find the punishment from nature to man, which can awaken mankind to protect nature and to keep balance with nature.

Keywords  eco-criticism, ecological competition, ecological coexistence

1  Introduction
This project requires from the development of mankind’s ecological awareness to do a research on ecological criticism of The Old Man and the Sea. That is to say, the punishment from nature to human beings urges man’s awakening, and then mankind begin to take correct recognization of the relationship between man and nature and to explore the ways how to achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature.